what steps did the major powers take to protect the peace why did these moves have limited effects

PEACE AND SECURITY

Kid Protection Personnel of UNMISS Law Visit School at POC Site. Credit UN Photo/JC McIlwaine

1. Maintaining Peace and Security

Past sending 69 peacekeeping and observer missions to the world's trouble spots over the past six decades, the United Nations has been able to restore calm, allowing many countries to recover from conflict. There are at present 16 peacekeeping operations around the world, carried out past some 125,000 brave men and women from 120 countries who go where others tin't or won't go.

two. Making Peace

Since the 1990s, many conflicts have been brought to an end either through United nations mediation or the activity of tertiary parties acting with UN back up. Recent examples include Sierra Leone, Liberia, Burundi, the north-south conflict in the Sudan and Nepal. Research credits Un peacemaking, peacekeeping and conflict prevention activities as a major factor backside a 40-per cent pass up in conflict around the world since the 1990s. UN preventive diplomacy and other forms of preventive action have defused many potential conflicts. In improver, 11 UN peace missions in the field accost postal service-disharmonize situations and carry out peacebuilding measures.

3. Consolidating peace

The United Nations Peacebuilding Committee supports peace efforts in countries emerging from conflict. Information technology brings together international donors, international financial institutions, governments and troop-contributing countries, helps align resources, and proposes actions for peacebuilding and recovery. The United nations Peacebuilding Fund supports 222 projects in 22 countries past delivering fast and flexible funding.

four. Preventing Nuclear Proliferation

For over five decades, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has served as the world's nuclear inspector. IAEA experts work to verify that safeguarded nuclear material is used only for peaceful purposes. To date, the Agency has safeguards agreements with more than 180 States.

5. Immigration Landmines

The United Nations helps to clear landmines in some 30 countries or territories, including Afghanistan, Colombia, the Congo-kinshasa, Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya and the Sudan. Landmines kill or maim thousands of civilians every year. The United nations also teaches people how to stay out of harm's way, helps victims to become self-sufficient, assists countries in destroying stockpiled landmines and advocates for total international participation in treaties related to landmines.

6. Supporting Disarmament

The Un pursues global disarmament and arms limitation as central to peace and security. Information technology works to reduce and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons, destroy chemical weapons, strengthen the prohibition against biological weapons, and halt the proliferation of landmines, minor artillery and light weapons. UN treaties are the legal courage of disarmament efforts: the Chemic Weapons Convention has been ratified by 190 States, the Mine-Ban Convention past 162 and the Arms Trade Treaty past 69. At the local level, UN peacekeepers oftentimes work to implement disarmament agreements between warring parties. In El salvador, Sierra Leone, Liberia and elsewhere, this has entailed demobilizing gainsay forces too as collecting and destroying their weapons as part of an overall peace agreement.

7. Combating Terrorism

Governments coordinate their counter-terrorism efforts through the United nations. In 2006, they adopted at the United nations the starting time-ever global strategy to counter terrorism. Un agencies and programmes have helped countries to put in exercise the global strategy, providing legal assistance and promoting international cooperation against terrorism. The Un has as well put in place a legal framework to combat terrorism. 14 global agreements accept been negotiated nether UN auspices, including treaties confronting hostage-taking, aircraft hijacking, terrorist bombings, terrorism financing and nuclear terrorism.

viii. Preventing genocide

The United nations brought about the start-ever treaty to gainsay genocide—acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The 1948 Genocide Convention has been ratified past 146 States, which commit to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. The Un tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, besides as UN-supported courts in Cambodia, have put would-be genocide perpetrators on notice that such crimes would no longer be tolerated. The Holocaust and the Un Outreach Programme seeks to remind the world of the lessons to be learnt from the Holocaust in social club to help to prevent hereafter acts of genocide. The Secretary-General's Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide monitors unsafe situations, brings them to the attending of the Secretary-General and the Security Council, and recommends action.

9. Combating Sexual Violence in Disharmonize

Rape has increasingly been used as a weapon of war. An estimated lx,000 women were raped during the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991-2002), up to 60,000 in the former Yugoslavia (1992-1995), up to 250,000 during the genocide in Rwanda (1994), more than 40,000 in Liberia (1989-2003) and at to the lowest degree 200,000 in the Congo-kinshasa since 1998. Sexual violence has characterized conflicts from Afghanistan to Iraq and from Somalia to Syria. The Secretary-General's Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict has helped countries develop and implement laws that criminalize wartime rape and end dispensation for perpetrators; helped countries devise programmes that assistance victims to rebuild their lives; provided grooming for police force officers, prosecutors and judges and so they are ameliorate equipped to address such crimes; and supported the development of specialized units of female police force officers that investigate allegations of wartime rape.

Economical Development

Structure workers at piece of work, Tianjin. China. Photograph: Yang Aijun / World Depository financial institution

10. Promoting Development

The Un has devoted its attention and resource to promoting living standards and human skills and potential throughout the world. Since 2000, this piece of work has been guided past the Millennium Development Goals. Virtually all funds for Un evolution assistance come from contributions donated by countries. For example, the UN Development Programme (UNDP), with staff in 170 countries, supports more than iv,800 projects to reduce poverty, promote skilful governance, accost crises and preserve the environment. The UN Children'southward Fund (UNICEF) works in more than 150 countries, primarily on kid protection, immunization, girls' education and emergency aid. The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) helps developing countries make the well-nigh of their trade opportunities. The World Bank provides developing countries with loans and grants, and has supported more than 12,000 projects in more than 170 countries since 1947.

11. Alleviating Rural Poverty

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) provides low-interest loans and grants to very poor rural people. Since 1978, IFAD has invested more than $fifteen billion, helping more than 430 million women and men to abound and sell more food, increase their incomes and provide for their families. Currently IFAD supports more than 240 programmes and projects in 147 countries.

12. Focusing on African Development

Africa continues to be a loftier priority for the United Nations. In 2001, African Heads of State adopted the continent's own plan, the New Partnership for Africa's Development, which the General Assembly endorsed in 2002 as the main framework for channelling international support to Africa. The continent receives 36 per cent of United nations system expenditures for development, the largest share among the world'south regions. All UN agencies accept special programmes to benefit Africa.

13. Promoting Women'south Well-existence

Un Women is the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. A global champion for women and girls, Un Women seeks to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. Un Women supports countries equally they prepare global standards for achieving gender equality, and works with governments and ceremonious society to design laws, policies, programmes and services needed to implement these standards. Information technology stands behind women's equal participation in all aspects of life, focusing on increasing women's leadership and participation; ending violence against women; engaging women in all aspects of peace and security; enhancing women's economic empowerment; and making gender equality central to national evolution planning and budgeting.

14. Laying the Groundwork for Business organisation

The United Nations is skilful for business organisation. It has provided the "soft infrastructure" for the global economic system by negotiating universally accepted technical standards in such diverse areas as statistics, trade law, customs procedures, intellectual property, aviation, shipping and telecommunication, facilitating economical activity and reducing transaction costs. Information technology has laid the groundwork for investment in developing economies by promoting stability and good governance, battling abuse and urging sound economic policies and business-friendly legislation.

15. Supporting Industry

The United nations Industrial Evolution Organization (UNIDO) serves as a "matchmaker" for North-South and South-South industrial cooperation, promoting entrepreneurship, investment, technology transfer and toll-constructive and sustainable industrial development. It helps countries to manage the process of globalization smoothly and to reduce poverty.

16. Fighting Hunger

The Food and Agronomics System of the UN (FAO) leads global efforts to defeat hunger. The goal of universal food security —where people everywhere have regular admission to enough loftier-quality nutrient to pb active, healthy lives—is at the eye of its piece of work. FAO acts every bit a neutral forum, where all nations meet every bit equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO besides helps developing countries to modernize and amend agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices in ways that conserve natural resources and amend nutrition.

17. Improving Global Trade

The UN Conference on Merchandise and Development (UNCTAD) has helped developing countries to negotiate trade agreements and win preferential treatment for their exports. It has negotiated international commodity agreements to ensure fair prices for developing countries, improved the efficiency of their trade infrastructure and helped them to diversify their production and to integrate into the global economy.

xviii. Promoting Economic Reform

The International Monetary Fund (Imf) and the Earth Bank take helped many countries to ameliorate their economical direction, provided temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance-of-payment difficulties and offered training for authorities finance officials.

19. Supporting Ceremonious Aviation

UN agencies accept been responsible for setting standards for aviation and shipping. The International Civil Aviation Arrangement (ICAO) serves every bit the forum for cooperation in all fields of civil aviation. It sets standards and regulations for the safety, security, efficiency and environmental soundness of air travel. International aviation is the first industry sector with global goals of stabilizing carbon emissions at 2020 levels and achieving a 2 per cent almanac increase in fuel efficiency. ICAO has contributed to making air travel the safest mode of transportation. In 1947, when 21 million travelled by air, 590 were killed in shipping accidents; in 2013, the number of deaths was 173 out of 3.1 billion airline passengers.

20. Improving Shipping

The International Maritime Arrangement (IMO) has helped to brand the seas cleaner and aircraft—which serves nigh 90 per cent of global trade—safer and more secure. IMO measures cover all aspects of international shipping—including ship design, structure, equipment, manning, functioning and disposal. With the help of IMO, ship losses take fallen and fatalities decreased; pollution incidents—including total oil pollution—are down; and air pollution and pollution from sewage are being addressed. These improvements are taking place even equally the amount of cargo carried by sea continues to increase: the total of goods transported by transport reached 9.vi billion tons in 2013.

21. Generating Worldwide Delivery in Support of Children

From Afghanistan to Lebanon and from the Sudan to the former Yugoslavia, UNICEF has pioneered the establishment of "days of tranquillity" and the opening of "corridors of peace" to provide vaccines and other aid desperately needed by children caught in armed conflict. The Convention on the Rights of the Child has become law in nearly all countries. Following the 2002 UN special session on children, 190 Governments committed themselves to a time-bound set of goals in the areas of health, education, protection against abuse, exploitation and violence and the struggle against HIV/AIDS.

22. Turning Slums into Decent Homo Settlements

Cities are now home to half of humankind. They are the hub for much national product and consumption—economical and social processes that generate wealth and opportunity. But they too are places of disease, crime, pollution and poverty. In many cities in developing countries, slum-dwellers number more 50 per cent of the population and have little or no access to shelter, water and sanitation. The Un Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), with hundreds of projects in some seventy countries, seeks innovative solutions for towns and cities. These include providing security of tenure for the urban poor, which is in turn a goad for investment in housing and basic services for the poor.

23. Providing Local Admission to a Global Network

The Universal Postal Union (UPU) facilitates the substitution of international mail service and develops social, cultural and commercial communications between peoples and businesses with up-to-date postal services and products. The earth's 640,000 mail service offices form one of the nearly extensive global networks, facilitating the transfer of data, appurtenances and money. The Internet and new technologies have opened new opportunities for postal services, especially in the area of due east-commerce and online shopping. Postal services remain a disquisitional bridge between physical, digital and financial operations and are a key partner for global development.

24. Improving Global Telecommunications

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) brings together Governments and manufacture to develop and coordinate the operation of global telecommunication networks and services. It has coordinated shared apply of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing globe and negotiated the global standards that ensure the seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems. From broadband Internet to the latest-generation wireless technologies, from air and body of water navigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology, from telephone services to TV broadcasting and side by side-generation networks, ITU is committed to connecting the world. Its work has helped telecommunication to grow into a $2.1 trillion global industry.

25. Promoting responsible tourism

International tourism arrivals reached i.1 billion in 2014, generating $ane.5 trillion in export earnings. The World Tourism Organization is the United nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It generates marketplace cognition, promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies, fosters tourism education and training, and works to brand tourism a tool for development through technical assist projects in over 100 countries. Its Global Code of Ethics for Tourism seeks to maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing its negative impact.

26. Mobilizing volunteers for development and peace

The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme promotes volunteerism to back up peace and evolution worldwide. Volunteerism can transform the pace and nature of evolution, and benefits both society and the private volunteer. UNV deploys shut to viii,000 experienced women and men of nearly 160 nationalities every year. Working in more 130 countries, these volunteers back up development projects and work in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. More 75 per cent of them come from developing countries, and almost a tertiary work as volunteers in their own countries.

27. Acting every bit a Global Call up Tank

The United nations is at the forefront of research that seeks solutions to global problems. The UN Population Division is a leading source of information and research on global population trends, producing upwardly-to-date demographic estimates and projections. The UN Statistics Partition is the hub of the global statistical arrangement, compiling and disseminating global economical, demographic, social, gender, environs and energy statistics. The United Nations Development Plan's almanac Human being Development Report provides independent, empirically grounded analyses of major development issues, trends and policies, including the groundbreaking Human Development Alphabetize. The United Nations World Economic and Social Survey, the Word Bank's World Evolution Report, the International Monetary Fund's World Economical Outlook and other studies help policymakers to make informed decisions.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Piffling girls from a local hill tribe laugh on a swing set in Sapa, Viet Nam. Un Photo/Kibae Park.

28. Improving Literacy and Education

Today 84 per cent of adults can read and write and 91 per cent of children attend primary school. The goal now is to ensure that by 2015 all children complete a total course of main school. Programmes aimed at promoting pedagogy and advancement for women helped to raise the global adult female literacy rate to 79.nine per cent in 2011. The next goal is to ensure that by 2015 all girls complete principal and secondary schoolhouse.

29. Preserving Historic, Cultural, Architectural and Natural Sites

The Un Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has helped 137 countries to protect aboriginal monuments and historic, cultural and natural sites. It has negotiated international conventions to preserve cultural property, cultural diversity and outstanding cultural and natural sites. More than 1,000 such sites have been designated equally having infrequent universal value - as World Heritage Sites.

thirty. Facilitating Academic and Cultural Exchanges

UNESCO has encouraged scholarly and scientific cooperation, protection of cultural heritage and promotion of cultural expression, including for minorities and indigenous people. The United nations Academic Impact initiative joins some 1,200 affiliated academic institutions with the United Nations to further the goals of the Organization through activities and research carried out in a shared culture of intellectual social responsibility.

31. Addressing global problems

The United nations University is a global retrieve tank and postgraduate didactics organization with 13 research and preparation institutes and programmes in 12 countries. It works with leading universities and inquiry institutes, investigating problems such equally global change and sustainable development, development governance, and science, technology, innovation and society. Its postgraduate teaching activities contributes to capacity building in developing countries.

32. Taking the lead on global issues

The outset United Nations conference on the environs (Stockholm, 1972) helped to alert globe public opinion on the dangers faced by our planet, triggering activeness by governments. The first earth conference on women (Mexico Metropolis, 1985) put women's right, equality and progress on the global agenda. Other landmark events include the first international conference on human rights (Teheran, 1968), the first world population conference (Bucharest, 1974) and the first earth climate briefing (Geneva, 1979). Those events brought together experts and policymakers, as well every bit activists, from effectually the world, prompting sustained global action. Regular follow-upwards conferences have helped to sustain the momentum.

Human Rights

A participant in traditional dress, during the eleventh session of the United nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). UN Photo/Devra Berkowitz

33. Promoting Human Rights

Since the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the United Nations has helped to enact dozens of legally binding agreements on political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights. By investigating individual complaints, the Un human rights bodies have focused earth attention on cases of torture, disappearance, arbitrary detention and other violations, and have generated international pressure on Governments to improve their human rights records.

34. Fostering Democracy

The Un promotes and strengthens autonomous institutions and practices around the globe, including by helping people in many countries to participate in free and fair elections. The UN has provided electoral assistance to more than 100 countries, often at decisive moments in their history. In the 1990s, the UN organized or observed landmark elections in Cambodia, El salvador, South Africa, Mozambique and Timor-Leste. More recently, the UN has provided crucial aid in elections in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, Republic of burundi, the Democratic Republic of the congo, Iraq, Nepal, Sierra Leone and Sudan.

35. Promoting Self-determination and Independence

When the United nations was established in 1945, 750 million people— nigh a 3rd of the globe population—lived in non-cocky-governing territories dependent on colonial powers. The Un played a function in bringing near the independence of more than 80 countries that are now sovereign nations.

36. Ending Apartheid in South Africa

By imposing measures ranging from an artillery embargo to a convention against segregated sporting events, the United Nations was a major factor in bringing almost the downfall of the apartheid system. In 1994, elections in which all South Africans were immune to participate on an equal basis led to the establishment of a multiracial Authorities.

37. Promoting Women's Rights

A long-term objective of the Un has been to better the lives of women and empower them to have greater control over their lives. The UN organized the beginning-ever World Conference on Women (United mexican states City, 1975), which, together with two World Conferences during the United nations Decade for Women (1976-1985) and the World Conference in Beijing (1995), set the agenda for advancing women's rights and promoting gender equality. The 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, ratified past 189 countries, has helped to promote the rights of women worldwide.

38. Combating violence confronting women

Thirty-five per cent of women and girls globally feel some form of physical and or sexual violence in their lifetime. Some 603 million women alive in countries in which domestic violence is not considered a law-breaking. As many as ane in four women experience physical or sexual violence during pregnancy. Domestic violence is nevertheless condoned in many societies. To address the trouble, Un-Women seeks to engage men and boys, works with local partners and supports the adoption of laws confronting domestic and sexual violence. The United nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women has awarded $103 1000000 to 393 initiatives in 136 countries and territories. The global campaign UniTE to End Violence confronting Women works to raise awareness and increment political will and resources for ending violence against women and girls.

39. Promoting Decent Work

The International Labour System (ILO) has established standards and fundamental principles and rights for work, including freedom of clan, the right to collective bargaining and the abolitionism of forced labour, child labour and workplace discrimination. Employment promotion, social protection for all and strong social dialogue betwixt employers' and workers' organizations and Governments are at the core of ILO activities.

forty. Promoting Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression

To allow all people to obtain information that is free of censorship and culturally diverse, UNESCO has helped to develop and strengthen the media and supported independent newspapers and broadcasters. UNESCO also serves equally a watchdog for press freedom, and publicly denounces serious violations like the assassination and detention of journalists.

41. Promoting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The Un has been at the forefront of the fight for full equality for persons with disabilities, promoting their participation in social, economical and political life. The United nations has shown that persons with disabilities are a resource for society, and has negotiated the first-ever treaty to advance their rights and dignity worldwide: the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has been ratified by more than than 150 countries.

42. Improving the Plight of Indigenous People

The Un has brought to the fore injustices against the 370 million to 500 1000000 indigenous people who live in some 90 countries and who are amongst the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in the world. The 16-member Permanent Forum on Indigenous Problems works to improve the situation of ethnic peoples all over the world in evolution, culture, man rights, the environs, education and health. The Skilful Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples makes proposals on improving indigenous rights.

Surround

Jökulsárlón, a large glacial lagoon in southeast Iceland. It evolved into a lagoon subsequently the glacier started receding from the edge of the Atlantic Bounding main.UN Photograph/Eskinder Debebe

43. Seeking solutions to climatic change

Climate modify is a global problem that demands a global solution. The Un has been at the forefront in assessing the science and forging a political solution. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which brings together 2,000 leading climate modify scientists, issues comprehensive scientific assessments every 5 or half-dozen years: in 2007, it concluded with certainty that climate change was occurring and that human being activities were a primary cause. The 196 members of the UN Framework Convention on Climatic change are negotiating agreements to reduce emissions that contribute to climate change and help countries conform to its furnishings. The United nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and other Un agencies have been at the forefront in raising awareness.

44. Helping Countries to Cope with Climate change

The UN helps developing countries to respond to the challenges of global climate change. Xxx-nine UN bodies take formed a partnership to deal comprehensively with the problem. For instance, the Global Environment Facility, which brings together 10 United nations agencies, funds projects in developing countries. Equally the fiscal mechanism of the Climate Convention, it allocates nigh $550 million per year in projects on new technologies, energy efficiency, renewable energies and sustainable transportation.

#

45. Protecting the Environment

The United nations is working to solve global environmental problems. As an international forum for building consensus and negotiating agreements, the UN is tackling global issues such every bit ozone layer depletion, toxic waste material, loss of forests and species, and air and h2o pollution. Unless these problems are addressed, markets and economies will not be sustainable in the long term, as environmental losses are depleting the natural capital letter on which growth and human survival are based.

46. Protecting the Ozone Layer

The UN Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) have been instrumental in highlighting the damage caused to Earth'south ozone layer. As a result of a treaty known equally the Montreal Protocol, countries have been phasing out chemicals that cause the depletion of the ozone layer and replacing them with safer alternatives. This will spare millions of people from contracting skin cancer because of exposure to increased ultraviolet radiation.

47. Providing Safe Drinking Water

During the kickoff United nations decade on water (1981-1990), more than than a billion people gained access to safety drinking water for the first time in their lives. By 2002, another 1.ane billion people had make clean water. In 2003, the International Year of Freshwater raised awareness of the importance of protecting this precious resource. The second international h2o decade (2005-2015) aims to reduce by half the number of people without a source of clean drinking water.

48. Tackling Fish Stock Depletion

Ninety per cent of major marine commercial fish stocks are exploited to their sustainable limits or across. FAO monitors global fisheries production and the condition of wild fish stocks and works with countries to amend the management of fisheries, stamp out illegal fishing, promote responsible international fish trade and protect fragile species and environments.

49. Banning Toxic Chemicals

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants seeks to rid the earth of some of the near dangerous chemicals ever created. Ratified by 179 countries, the Convention targets 23 hazardous pesticides and industrial chemicals that tin can kill people, impairment the nervous and immune systems, cause cancer and reproductive disorders and interfere with child development. Other Un conventions and activeness plans aid to preserve biodiversity, protect endangered species, gainsay desertification, clean upwardly seas and curb cross-edge movements of chancy wastes.

International Law

The Peace Palace, seat of the International Courtroom of Justice (ICJ), at The Hague, Netherlands. United nations Photo/ICJ/Jeroen Bouman

50. Prosecuting War Criminals

By prosecuting and convicting war criminals, the Un tribunals established for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda have helped to expand international humanitarian and international criminal law dealing with genocide and other violations of international police force. Both tribunals have contributed to restoring peace and justice in the afflicted countries and in the region. The International Criminal Court is an independent permanent court that investigates and prosecutes persons accused of the about serious international crimes—genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes—if national government are unwilling or unable to do so. Situations in nine countries take been referred to the Court, which has already established itself as the centrepiece of the system of international criminal justice. Un-backed courts in Kingdom of cambodia and Lebanon are prosecuting those responsible for serious violations of international law, including mass killings and war crimes.

51. Strengthening International Law

Over 560 multilateral treaties—on man rights, terrorism, global crime, refugees, disarmament, merchandise, bolt, the oceans and many other matters—have been negotiated and concluded through the efforts of the United nations.

52. Helping to Resolve Major International Disputes

By delivering judgments and advisory opinions, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has helped to settle international disputes involving territorial questions, maritime boundaries, diplomatic relations, Land responsibility, the treatment of aliens and the use of force, among others.

53. Promoting Stability and Order in the Earth'southward Oceans

The United Nations has spearheaded international efforts to regulate the use of the oceans under a single treaty. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which has gained nearly universal acceptance, provides the legal framework for all activities in the oceans and seas. The Convention lays down rules on the rights and duties of coastal and landlocked States—including with regard to navigation, the establishment of maritime zones, the protection of the marine environment, scientific research and the conservation and sustainable utilise of marine life. The treaty includes mechanisms for settling disputes.

54. Combating International Crime

The United nations Office on Drugs and Criminal offense (UNODC) works with countries and organizations to counter transnational organized crime by providing legal and technical assistance to fight corruption, money-laundering, drug trafficking and smuggling of migrants, as well as by strengthening criminal justice systems. Information technology helps countries to forestall terrorism, it is a leader in the global fight against trafficking in persons and, together with the World Banking company, it helps countries to recover avails stolen by corrupt leaders. It has played a central role in brokering and implementing relevant international Treaties, such as the UN Convention against Corruption and the Un Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

55. Containing the World Drug Problem

The United nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) works to reduce the supply of and demand for illicit drugs under the 3 principal UN conventions on drug control. The Office works with countries to meliorate public health, also equally public security, in society to forbid, treat and control drug abuse. Efforts to contain the global drug problem take reversed a 25-year rise in drug abuse and headed off a pandemic. Nevertheless, several countries and regions remain vulnerable to the instability caused by drug cultivation and trafficking. That is why the Office is especially engaged in drug command in Afghanistan, the Andean countries, Central Asia, Myanmar and Due west Africa.

56. Encouraging Creativity and Innovation

The Earth Intellectual Belongings Organization (WIPO) promotes the protection of intellectual belongings rights and ensures that all countries are in a position to harness the benefits of an effective intellectual property system. Intellectual holding, which at its cadre is a mechanism designed to recognize and advantage inventors and creators for their ingenuity while safeguarding the public involvement, helps to promote evolution and create wealth. The incentives congenital into the intellectual property system act as a spur to human inventiveness, pushing frontward the boundaries of science and engineering and enriching the world of literature and the arts.

Humanitarian Affairs

A Sudanese adult female and children in Fanga Suk in East Jebel Marra, South Darfur. UN Photo/Olivier Chassot.

57. Profitable refugees

More than than 60 meg refugees fleeing persecution, violence and war have received aid from the Function of the UN Loftier Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) since 1951, in a continuing try that often involves other agencies. UNHCR seeks long-term or "durable" solutions by helping refugees repatriate to their homelands, if conditions warrant, or by helping them to integrate in their countries of asylum or to resettle in 3rd countries. There are more 42 1000000 refugees, asylum-seekers and internally displaced persons, mostly women and children, who are receiving nutrient, shelter, medical aid, education and repatriation help from the Un.

58 Aiding Palestinian Refugees

As the global community strives for a lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians, the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), a relief and human development agency, has assisted iv generations of Palestinian refugees with pedagogy, health care, social services, microfinance and emergency aid. Today, UNRWA provides assistance, protection and advocacy for some five million registered Palestine refugees in the Middle East.

59. Helping Disaster Victims

When natural disasters and emergencies ascend, the UN coordinates and mobilizes aid to the victims. Working together with Governments, the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement, major assist organizations and donors, the United Nations provides much-needed humanitarian assistance. UN appeals raise several billion dollars a yr for emergency assistance.

60. Reducing the Furnishings of Natural Disasters

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has helped to spare millions of people from the calamitous effects of natural and man-fabricated disasters. Its early warning system, which includes thousands of surface monitors, besides as satellites, has fabricated it possible to predict with greater accuracy weather-related disasters, has provided data on the dispersal of oil spills and chemical and nuclear leaks and has predicted long-term droughts. It has as well allowed for the efficient distribution of nutrient aid to drought-affected regions.

61. Providing Food to the Neediest

The Earth Food Programme (WFP) is the world'due south largest humanitarian agency, fighting hunger worldwide, delivering food aid in emergencies and working with communities to meliorate nutrition and build resilience. Each twelvemonth, WFP assists some 80 million people in around fourscore countries, providing food and nutritional back up to the poorest, most nether-nourished people and working towards the Global Goal of Zip Hunger. In 2014, WFP provided school meals or take-home rations for more 17 million children. WFP increasingly uses cash-based transfers then that people tin can purchase food for themselves and in 2014 around 9 million people were reached in this way. WFP also provides vital support for the whole humanitarian community in the fields of aviation, logistics and telecommunications.

Health

A young girl is immunized against measles at a school in Mongolia. UNICEF/B. Sokol

62. Promoting Reproductive and Maternal Health

Past promoting the right of individuals to brand their ain decisions on the number and spacing of their children through voluntary family unit planning programmes, the United nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has helped people to make informed choices and given families, especially women, greater control over their lives. Every bit a effect, women in developing countries are having fewer children—from half-dozen in the 1960s to three today—slowing world population growth. Fewer unintended pregnancies also means less maternal death and fewer abortions. When UNFPA started piece of work in 1969, fewer than 20 per cent of couples adept family unit planning; the number at present stands at 63 per cent. UNFPA and its partners besides assistance to provide skilled assistance during childbirth and access to emergency obstetrical intendance. UNFPA supports safety motherhood initiatives in more than 90 countries.

63. Responding to HIV/AIDS

The Joint United nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) coordinates global action against an epidemic that affects some 35 million people. It works in more than 80 countries to provide universal admission to HIV prevention and treatment services, besides as to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and communities and alleviate the impact of the epidemic. UNAIDS brings together the expertise of its 11 co-sponsoring UN organizations.

64. Wiping Out Polio

Poliomyelitis has been eliminated from all but three countries—Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan—as a result of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Thanks to the Initiative, spearheaded past the Globe Health System, UNICEF, Rotary International and the U.S. Centers for Illness Command and Prevention, more than than 10 million people are walking who would otherwise have been paralyzed by polio. A disease that once crippled children in 125 countries is on the verge of beingness eradicated.

65. Eradicating Smallpox

A 13-year effort by the World Health System (WHO) resulted in smallpox being alleged officially eradicated from the planet in 1980. The eradication has saved an estimated $1 billion a yr in vaccination and monitoring, about three times the toll of eliminating the scourge itself.

66. Fighting Tropical Diseases

A Earth Health Organization programme reduced levels of river blindness (onchocerciasis) in 10 West African countries while opening upwards 25 meg hectares of fertile country to farming. Today, the disease is being controlled in 19 more countries under the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. In 1991, efforts by UN agencies in Due north Africa led to the elimination of the dreaded screw worm. Guinea-worm disease is on the verge of existence eradicated, while other diseases, such as leprosy—which has been eliminated in 119 out of 122 endemic countries—schistosomiasis and sleeping sickness are at present under control.

67. Halting the Spread of Epidemics

The World Health Organization helped to finish the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In March 2003, it issued a global alert and emergency travel informational, and its leadership helped to stop this new disease, which had the potential to become a worldwide epidemic. WHO investigates over 200 disease outbreaks each twelvemonth, fifteen to twenty of which crave an international response. Some of the more prominent diseases for which WHO is leading the global response include Ebola, meningitis, xanthous fever, cholera and influenza, including avian influenza.

68. Pressing for Universal Immunization

Immunization saves more than two million lives every yr. As a result of efforts by the Globe Health Organization, UNICEF, other organizations and Governments, an estimated 84 per cent of the world's children are now vaccinated with the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, up from 20 per cent in 1980. Between 2000 and 2012, measles deaths declined by 78 per cent globally. Barriers to introducing new vaccines are gradually beingness overcome, and contacts forged through immunization are being used to provide additional life-saving assist, such as insecticide-treated nets to protect confronting malaria and vitamin A supplements to prevent malnutrition.

69. Reducing Kid Bloodshed

In 1990, 1 out of 10 children died before they were 5 years sometime. Through oral rehydration therapy, clear water and sanitation and other wellness and nutrition measures undertaken past UN agencies, kid bloodshed rates in developing countries had dropped to 1 in 20 by 2013. The goal is now to reduce the 1990 under-5 bloodshed rate by two thirds by 2015.

70. Protecting Consumers' Health

To ensure the prophylactic of food sold in the market, FAO and the World Wellness System, working with Fellow member States, have established standards for more than 200 food commodities, safety limits for more 3,200 food contaminants, and regulations on food processing, transport and storage. Standards on labeling and description seek to ensure that the consumer is not misled. More food than always earlier is travelling the globe, and the United Nations works to make sure that information technology is prophylactic.

robertsonsligized.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.un.org/un70/en/content/70ways/index.html

Share this post